PhD Defence: Studies of Ionospheres of Earth and Mars

Huge congratulations to our colleague and friend Dr Maxime Grandin, who successfully defended his PhD thesis at SGO yesterday. His work entitled "Multi-Instrument and Modelling Studies of the Ionospheres of Earth and Mars" was done at Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu and at the Research Institute in Astrophysics and Planetology (IRAP), University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse leading to a double PhD degree in physics.

The opponents were Dr Mervin Freeman, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK, and Dr Ronan Modolo, LATMOS, University of Versailles, France. Prof Anita Aikio, University of Oulu, served as custos.

Reply to Comment by Pätzold et al. on “Mars Express radio-occultation data: A novel analysis approach”

A paper was recently accepted for publication in the Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics. It is a Reply to a Comment on the Grandin et al. (2014) article introducing a new method to analyse radio-occultation data for Mars Express.

The early view of this Reply can be accessed from the Wiley Online Library here.

Grandin, M., P.-L. Blelly, O. Witasse, and A. Marchaudon (2016), Reply to Comment by Pätzold et al. on “Mars Express radio-occultation data: A novel analysis approach”, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 121, doi:10.1002/2015JA022229.

Below is the abstract of the Reply.

We reply to the Comment by Pätzold et al. on our paper presenting a new analysis approach for Mars Express radio-occultation data. We address each of the main comments, showing that none of them invalidates the method itself, but rather, they underline aspects which could be considered to improve the model. One major issue raised by the Comment is the computation of the frequency residual values, as our model did not take into account the change in frequency between the uplink and the downlink. This problem has been given full consideration, and the corresponding part of the model has been corrected accordingly. The dayside profile analyzed in the original article has been reanalyzed with the updated version of the model, and the results are presented, which show overall improvements.

©2016. American Geophysical Union.

Mars Express radio-occultation data: A novel analysis approach

A bit less than two months after its submission, my first paper was accepted for publication in the Journal of Geophysical Research – Space Physics. The reference is:

Grandin, M, P.-L. Blelly, O. Witasse and A. Marchaudon, (2014), Mars Express radio-occultation data: A novel analysis approach, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 119, doi:10.1002/2014JA020698.

The early-access version can be found here.

Abstract:

The Mars Express Radio Science (MaRS) experiment on board Mars Express has been providing radio-occultation data since early 2004. The analysis method currently used to retrieve neutral atmosphere and ionosphere profiles is based on the resolution of a complex inverse problem. The solution to such a problem is obtained under strong assumptions on the atmosphere and the ionosphere and with some limitations. Here we developed a novel method for radio-occultation data analysis based on a direct approach which overcomes some of the difficulties related to the standard inversion. This new method is based on a numerical model of the atmosphere and the ionosphere of Mars computing the propagation of the radio waves from the spacecraft to the receiver on Earth. The main interest of such an approach lies in the intrinsic and coherent coupling between the neutral part and the ionized part of the planetary environment, which gives physical constrains on the retrieved profiles. We have applied this new method to radio occultation experiments performed by MaRS, and we present the results obtained in two different occultation configurations. We discuss the differences which emerge from the standard analysis and the gain that such a method can give to the analysis of planetary environments.

Submitting a First Paper

A first achievement after several months of work, the submission of a first paper is definitely a major step in a PhD student's life. "I have been working on this manuscript for more than half a year", the author Maxime Grandin reveals. "I actually started this project during my Master's thesis, in early 2013. I am glad we managed to continue developing this model thanks to this collaboration SGO initiated with IRAP [Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie] in Toulouse through my PhD."

The paper is about a new approach for radio-occultation data analysis, based on the example of the radio science experiments onboard Mars Express. Radio-occultation experiments consist in probing the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere of a planet using the propagation of radio waves between the spacecraft orbiting the planet and a receiver on Earth. As the radio wave propagates within the planetary envelope, it undergoes a slight deflection due to the varying refractive index of the medium. This deflection can be estimated via the residual Doppler shift which is measured at the receiver, compared to the expected Doppler shift for a straight-line propagation of the wave. "Usually, such measurements are treated as an inverse problem to retrieve the electron density profile in the ionosphere and the neutral density and temperature profiles in the lower atmosphere," Maxime explains. "But with the coauthors of this manuscript, who were my Master's thesis supervisors at IRAP and ESTEC [European Space Research and Technology Centre, Noordwijk, Netherlands], we decided to adopt a direct approach by simulating the ray propagation between the spacecraft and the ground receiver during an experiment, in order to try to reproduce the measurements." 

No doubt that the PhD student was very eager to complete this first manuscript of his. Feverishly, as he got the green light from each of the coauthors, he undertook the submission process to a peer-reviewed journal in geophysics. The first paper is a special one, and the author needs taking a deep breath before clicking the final button. "I published my first paper as a Master's student, in the early 1980s," Esa Turunen recalls. "It was about a model I developed in Fortran 77 to describe the strongly-interacting matter with a two-phase approach. Particle physics! It took two years to complete the model; it was a very complex formulation," the present director of SGO recollects.

While the reviewing process runs its course, besides checking its status every other hour, the young PhD student will focus on a study about solar wind high-speed streams influence on the high-latitude ionosphere, which may bring him a second paper by the end of this year. Or at least so he hopes.